Uyilo lweSakhiwo seNsimbi

Njengoko kukho izakhiwo zesinyithi ezininzi ngakumbi nangakumbi,isakhiwo sentsimbiuyilo luye lwaqheleka kwaye lubalulekile.Isakhiwo sentsimbiUyilo lufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo. Abayili kufuneka bakhethe uhlobo lwentsimbi olufanelekileyo, inkqubo yolwakhiwo oluchanekileyo, kunye noqhagamshelo oluqinileyo. Ukumelana nenyikima kubalulekile kwiindawo ezininzi. Ukuthintela ukugqwala kubalulekile nakwiindawo zangaphandle.

Zonke iinkcukacha zinefuthe kukhuseleko. Ukukhetha okungalunganga kubangela iindleko eziphezulu okanye ukusilela kwesakhiwo. Idatha inceda ekukhokeleni uyilo. Iinjineli zijonga amandla ezinto, ubungakanani becandelo, amandla oqhagamshelo, kunye nokumelana nomthwalo. Uyilo oluhle lwesakhiwo sentsimbi luphucula ubomi beprojekthi kunye nozinzo.

Imodeli yentsimbi

Iimodeli zentsimbi zichaza imo kunye nenqanaba lamandla. Abayili bakhetha intsimbi ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zomthwalo. Iimodeli eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-H-beam, i-I-beam, i-channel steel, kunye ne-square tube. Ii-H-beams zithwala imithwalo ethe nkqo kakuhle. Iindawo ezininzi zokugcina impahla zisebenzisa ii-H-beams kwiikholamu. Iityhubhu zesikwere zilungele izakhiwo ezincinci kuba zibukeka zicocekile. Iipayipi zinika ukumelana okunamandla kokugoba. Ngoko ke, iikholamu zepayipi zixhasa imithwalo yomoya.

Umgangatho wentsimbi uchaphazela amandla. I-Q235 inika amandla aphakathi kunye nokuqina okuqinileyo. Ifanele izakhiwo ezikhanyayo. I-Q355 inika amandla aphezulu. Ixhasa ii-span ezinkulu kunye nezakhiwo ezinde. Intsimbi engenasici iyamelana nokugqwala. Ifanele iifektri zokutya okanye iindawo ezikunxweme.

Iinjineli zijonga amandla okuvelisa. I-Q235 inamandla okuvelisa angama-235MPa. I-Q355 inika malunga nama-355MPa. Amandla aphezulu avumela amacandelo amancinci. Oko kunciphisa ubunzima bentsimbi. Ukunciphisa ubunzima kunciphisa neendleko zeprojekthi. Umzekelo, ikholamu enentsimbi ye-Q355 inokufuna icandelo le-300mm × 300mm. Intsimbi ye-Q235 inokufuna icandelo le-350mm × 350mm kumthwalo ofanayo. Abayili babala ukusebenza kakuhle ngezixhobo zesoftware. Amaxabiso okugoba kunye nokucinezela kufuneka ahlangabezane nemithetho yekhowudi.

Ubushushu bukwachaphazela uyilo lwesakhiwo sentsimbi. Iindawo ezibandayo zifuna intsimbi enobunzima obuphezulu. Iindawo ezishushu zifuna intsimbi enokumelana nokudinwa okukhulu. Izinto zokhuseleko zikhokela ukhetho lokugqibela. Abayili bakwaqwalasela ukufumaneka kunye nexabiso. Ukukhetha intsimbi engalunganga kwandisa iindleko okanye kunciphisa ukhuseleko. Ukukhetha okulungileyo kuxhasa ukuziphatha kwesakhiwo esizinzileyo.

Inkqubo yoLwakhiwo

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yesakhiwo kunefuthe ekuzinzeni. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zilungele izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Izakhiwo zesakhelo esiqinileyo zixhasa ububanzi. Iifektri zihlala zisebenzisa iifreyimu eziqinileyo. IiTruss zifanela uphahla olunemigangatho emide. Iiholo zemidlalo zisebenzisa imiqadi yetruss. Iifreyimu eziqinileyo zimelana namandla aqinileyo asecaleni. Izakhiwo ezininzi eziphakamileyo zisebenzisa iinkqubo eziqinileyo. Iinkqubo ze-shear eludongeni-zentsimbi ezixutyiweyo zidibanisa ikhonkrithi kunye nentsimbi. Zilungele iinqaba ezifuna ukuqina okuqinileyo kwecala.

Uyilo lwesikhokelo seentlobo zemithwalo. Umthwalo wekhephu eluphahleni ubalulekile kwiindawo ezibandayo. Umthwalo womoya ubalulekile kwiindawo ezikunxweme. Umthwalo wenyikima ubalulekile kwiindawo zenyikima. Umzekelo, indawo yokugcina impahla enobubanzi beemitha ezingama-30 ingasebenzisa isakhelo esiqinileyo esinee-braces. Oko kugcina uzinzo nxamnye nomoya. Uphahla lwenkundla enobubanzi beemitha ezingama-50 lunokusebenzisa ii-trusses zentsimbi. Ii-trusses zisasaza umthwalo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuphakama kwesakhiwo nako kubalulekile. Izakhiwo eziphantsi zingasebenzisa iifreyimu ezilula. Izakhiwo ezinde zifuna iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezisecaleni. Abayili bathelekisa ubunzima, iindleko, kunye nobunzima bokufakelwa. Bakwajonga nemithetho yomlilo. Ezinye iinkqubo zifuna ukukhuselwa komlilo okongezelelweyo.

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yesakhiwo kuchaphazela uhlobo loqhagamshelo. Kukwachaphazela neendleko zesiseko. Iinkqubo zokukhanya zinciphisa ubungakanani besiseko. Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi. Oku konga imali. Ukukhetha inkqubo ngokufanelekileyo kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kolwakhiwo. Ngoko ke, abayili kufuneka bafunde indlela yomthwalo, okusingqongileyo, kunye nenjongo yokwakha. Inkqubo echanekileyo ikhusela isakhiwo amashumi eminyaka.

Iindlela zoQhagamshelo lweCandelo

Uqhagamshelo lulawula ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Izixhobo zentsimbi ziqhagamshelwa ngokuwelda, ukubopha, okanye ukugoba. Ukuwelda kudala amalungu aqinileyo. Izityalo ezininzi zisebenzisa ukuwelda kwe-arc kwiikholamu kunye neebhari. Uvavanyo lomgangatho wokuwelda lufuna uvavanyo. Abasebenzi abanezakhono baqinisekisa ukuwelda okuthambileyo. Ukuwelda kuhambelana nemveliso yasefektri.

I-Bolting inika ukufakelwa okukhawulezayo. Abasebenzi bahlanganisa iindawo zentsimbi kwindawo. Iibholiti ezinamandla aphezulu ziyamelana nokuchetywa kunye noxinzelelo. Iibholiti zebanga lesi-8.8 kunye nele-10.9 zivela kwiiprojekthi ezininzi. Iijoyinti zebholiti zivumela ukutshintshwa kamva. Ukugcinwa kwazo kulula. Uyilo oluninzi lwe-seismic lukhetha i-bolting kuba iibholiti zifunxa amandla kakuhle.

Ukuqhekeka kubonakala kwiibhulorho ezindala. Akufane kubonakale kwiiprojekthi ezintsha ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu.

Uyilo loqhagamshelo lulandela icala lomthwalo. Amandla okucheba alawula amalungu omqadi. Amandla e-axial alawula amalungu ekholamu. Iinjineli zibala amanani ebholiti kunye nobukhulu be-weld. Umzekelo, umqadi one-100kN shear unokufuna iibholiti ezisibhozo ze-M20. Oko kuxhomekeke kwisithuba kunye nomgangatho wentsimbi. Abayili bajonga ukumelana nokutyibilika kunye nokudinwa.

Umgangatho wofakelo uchaphazela ukhuseleko. Iibholithi ezikhululekileyo zinciphisa uzinzo. Ukuwelda okungekho semgangathweni kubangela imingxunya. Amaqela okuhlola ajonga ilungu ngalinye. Uqhagamshelo oluqinileyo lunika iindlela zomthwalo ezizinzileyo. Zikwaphucula ukusebenza okuzinzileyo. Ngoko ke, uyilo loqhagamshelo lufuna ingqalelo efanayo njengoyilo lwemitha. Uqhagamshelo olufanelekileyo lubamba isakhiwo kunye ngexesha lomoya okanye iinyikima.

Izinto Omele Uziqwalasele Uyilo Olungashukumiyo

Iinyikima zenza intshukumo eqinileyo ethe tye. Izakhiwo zentsimbi kufuneka zifunxe amandla. Abayili baphucula ubuchule bokumelana nokutshaqeka besebenzisa izixhobo zokuxhasa, uqhagamshelo oluqinileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokudambisa. Ii-X-braces zenza inkxaso eqinileyo ecaleni. Zinciphisa ukuguquka. Iifektri ezininzi zisebenzisa ii-X-braces kwiindonga ezisecaleni. Ii-K-braces nazo ziyavela kwezinye izakhiwo. Iifreyimu ezimelana nomzuzu ziyamelana nokugoba. Zilungele izakhiwo ezifuna indawo evulekileyo.

Ii-dampers zinciphisa ukungcangcazela. Zifunxa amandla okushukuma. Ezinye iinqaba eziphakamileyo zisebenzisa ii-dampers ezilungisiweyo. Zinciphisa ukungcangcazela xa kukho umoya onamandla okanye iinyikima.

Iikhowudi zoyilo lwe-seismic zinika idatha. Iinjineli zilandela ukulinganiswa kwendawo. Umzekelo, iindawo ezinenqanaba lesi-8 lobunzima zifuna ukuxhaswa okuqinileyo kunye nentsimbi eqinileyo. Ubalo lokusika isiseko lunceda ekulinganiseni ubungakanani. Isakhiwo esinobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-500 sinokujongana nokusika isiseko se-10%. Ngoko ke, inkqubo esecaleni kufuneka imelane namandla angqindilili eetoni ezingama-50.

Ukuguquguquka koqhagamshelo nako kubalulekile. Ii-welds kufuneka ziphephe ukungaphumeleli kokuqhekeka. Ukutyibilika kwebholiti kunceda ukufunxa amandla. Iipleyiti ezidibeneyo zifuna ubukhulu obaneleyo. Iipleyiti zesiseko sekholamu zifuna ii-ankile eziqinileyo.

Uyilo lwesiseko lukwachaphazela ukhuseleko lokushukuma komhlaba. Abayili bakhetha iziseko ezinzulu ukuba umhlaba uziva ubuthathaka. Umhlaba oqinileyo uphucula uzinzo.

Uyilo oluhle olungenakoyiswa luthintela ukuwa. Lukhusela abantu ngaphakathi. Lukwanciphisa iindleko zokulungisa emva kweenyikima. Ngoko ke, abayili basebenzisa iikhowudi ezineenkcukacha. Izigqibo ezingenakusoyiswa zongeza ukhuseleko lwexesha elide kwizakhiwo zentsimbi.

Ukhuseleko Olungangeni Mhlwa Nolungangeni Mlilo

Intsimbi iyagqwala xa ibekwe kwindawo efumileyo. Abayili kufuneka bakhusele intsimbi ekugqwaleni. I-hot-dip galvanizing igquma intsimbi kwi-zinc. Ithintela umhlwa iminyaka emininzi. I-galvanizing ifanele izakhiwo zangaphandle. Iingubo ezipeyintiweyo zikwathintela umhlwa. Abasebenzi bacoca intsimbi ngaphambi kokupeyinta. Ukucoca kakuhle kuphucula ubomi bengubo.

Iindawo ezikunxweme zifuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lokugqwala. Umoya onetyuwa uyandisa isantya sokugqwala. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ifanele ezi ndawo. Ibiza kakhulu kodwa ihlala ixesha elide. Umzekelo, intsimbi ye-Q355B inokufuna ukupeyintwa kwakhona rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-5 kwiindawo ezikunxweme. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo engu-304 ihlala ixesha elide ngaphandle kokulungiswa kakhulu.

Uyilo olungatshiyo nalo lubalulekile. Intsimbi ilahlekelwa ngamandla xa kushushu kakhulu. Ipeyinti engatshiyo ikhusela intsimbi xa kutsha. Iingubo ezingatshiyo nazo ziyanceda. Izakhiwo ezifikelelekayo eluntwini zifuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo kumlilo. Iifektri kufuneka zilandele imithetho yomlilo. Iinjineli zijonga iiyure zovavanyo lomlilo. Ezinye izakhiwo zifuna ukhuseleko lweeyure ezi-2. Ezinye zifuna iiyure ezi-3.

Ishedyuli yokuhlolwa ixhasa ukusebenza kwexesha elide. Amaqela ajonga ukugqunywa minyaka le. Lungisa umonakalo omncinci kwangethuba. Umhlwa usasazeka ngokukhawuleza ukuba awunyangwanga. Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lugcina iindleko kwaye lonyusa ubomi benkonzo.

Ukukhetha kokugqibela ukuchatshazelwa bubume bendalo kukhokela ekukhetheni izinto. Abayili badibanisa izinto, iingubo, amanzi amdaka, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo. Unyango oluhle olungenamhlwa nolungenamlilo lugcina izakhiwo zentsimbi zikhuselekile kangangeminyaka emininzi.