Izakhiwo zesinyithi zidlala indima ephambili kwiiprojekthi zanamhlanje zoshishino, zorhwebo, kunye neziseko zophuhliso. Ukwanda kwezixeko ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso kuyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza imfuno yeenkqubo zokwakha ezisebenzayo. Izakhiwo zesinyithi zibonelela ngamandla aphezulu, uyilo oluguquguqukayo, kunye nemijikelo yokwakha ekhawulezayo. Ngokutsho kweWorld Steel Association, ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi sokwakha kwihlabathi liphela kudlula iitoni ezili-1.1 zeebhiliyoni ngonyaka.
Iintlobo eziphambili zezakhiwo zesakhiwo sentsimbi
Isakhiwo sentsimbiIzakhiwo zinokuhlulwa ngokwenkqubo yomthwalo kunye nohlobo lwendawo. Izakhiwo zefreyimu yesango zihlala ziluhlobo oluqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zoshishino. Zihlala zifikelela kwiimitha ezili-18–36 kwaye zifikelela kubude obungangeemitha ezi-6–12. Ifreyimu zesango zisebenzisa iintsika zentsimbi ezimile okwe-H kunye neebhanti, ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi nge-10–15% xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo zemveli.
Izakhiwo zesakhelo sentsimbi ezinemigangatho emininzi zikhonza izakhiwo zeeofisi kunye neendawo zorhwebo. Umgama oqhelekileyo weekholamu ususela kwiimitha ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-9. Iifreyimu zentsimbi zixhasa imithwalo yomgangatho eyi-3–5 kN/m² kwiiofisi kunye ne-5–7 kN/m² kwizakhiwo zokuthengisa. Uqhagamshelo oluqinileyo luqinisekisa uzinzo olusecaleni phantsi komthwalo womoya kunye nowenyikima.
Izakhiwo ze-truss zentsimbi zilungele izakhiwo ezinkulu ezifana neeholo zemiboniso kunye nee-hangars. I-truss span eziqhelekileyo zifikelela kwiimitha ezingama-60–120. Ukuphakama kwe-truss kudla ngokulingana ne-1/10 ukuya kwi-1/15 ye-span, nto leyo elinganisela ukuqina nokusebenza kakuhle kwezinto. Izakhiwo zesakhelo sesithuba ziphucula ngakumbi ukusasazwa komthwalo kwaye zinciphisa ubunzima bentsimbi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20%.
Izakhiwo zentsimbi ekhaphukhaphuzilawula ulwakhiwo lwezindlu kunye nolwakhiwo lwemodyuli. Amacandelo entsimbi eyenziwe ngobandayo anobukhulu obuyi-0.8–2.5 mm anika amandla aneleyo. Ezi nkqubo zihlangabezana nemigangatho yeemfuno zenyikima kwihlabathi liphela.
Iingenelo eziphambili zezakhiwo zesakhiwo sentsimbi
Izakhiwo zentsimbi zibonelela ngokusebenza okugqwesileyo koomatshini. Intsimbi yesakhiwo idla ngokufikelela kumandla okuvelisa angama-235–460 MPa. Amanqanaba entsimbi enamandla aphezulu afana ne-Q355 anciphisa ubungakanani bamalungu kwaye anciphise ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi iyonke nge-8–12%. Le nzuzo inciphisa ngokuthe ngqo imithwalo yesiseko kunye neendleko zokwakha.
Isantya sokwakha sihlala siluncedo olukhulu. Ukwakhiwa kwangaphambili kwefektri kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa kwindawo yokusebenza. Indawo yokusebenzela yentsimbi eyi-10,000 m² idla ngokugqiba ukwakhiwa kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-30-45. Izakhiwo zekhonkrithi zesikali esifanayo zihlala zifuna iintsuku ezingaphezu kwama-90. Iishedyuli ezimfutshane zinciphisa iindleko zomsebenzi ngama-20-30%.
Izakhiwo zentsimbi zisebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezineenyikima. Intsimbi inezinga lokunwebeka elingaphezulu kwama-20%, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwamandla aqinileyo. Ngexesha leenyikima, iifreyimu zentsimbi zifunxa amandla eenyikima ngokuguqulwa okulawulwayo. Idatha evela kwinyikima yaseJapan iTōhoku ka-2011 ibonise ukuba izakhiwo zentsimbi zonakaliswe kancinci ngama-40% kunezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngamatye.
Uzinzo lukwaxhasa ukwamkelwa kwentsimbi. Amanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwakhona kwentsimbi kwisakhiwo adlula i-90% kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuvelisa intsimbi ephinde yasetyenziswa kusindisa malunga ne-60% yamandla kwaye kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO₂ nge-1.5 yeetoni ngetoni yentsimbi. Izakhiwo zentsimbi zikwavumela ukwandiswa nokudilizwa okuguquguqukayo, okuxhasa ixabiso lempahla yexesha elide.
Amanqaku abalulekileyo oYilo lweZakhiwo zeSinyithi
Ukubalwa komthwalo ngokuchanekileyo kwakha isiseko soyilo lwesakhiwo sentsimbi. Abayili kufuneka baqwalasele umthwalo ofileyo, umthwalo ophilayo, umthwalo womoya, umthwalo wekhephu, kunye nentshukumo yokushukuma komhlaba. Kwiiworkshops zoshishino, umthwalo ophilayo wophahla uhlala uphakathi kwe-0.3 ukuya kwi-0.5 kN/m². Amaxabiso oxinzelelo lomoya adla ngokuwela phakathi kwe-0.3 kunye ne-0.8 kN/m² kuxhomekeke kumhlaba.
Ukukhethwa kwecandelo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko kunye noqoqosho. Iinjineli zihlala zilawula ukuphambuka kwemitha ngaphakathi kwe-L/250 kunye nomlinganiselo wobuncinci bekholamu ongaphantsi kwe-150. Kwizakhelo zesango, umlinganiselo wokuqina kwemitha ukusuka kwikholamu ukuya kwikholamu uhlala ususela kwi-0.6 ukuya kwi-0.8 ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa okuzinzileyo kwemizuzu.
Uyilo loqhagamshelo lufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Iibholiti ezinamandla aphezulu zebanga lesi-8.8 okanye i-10.9 zilawula iiprojekthi zanamhlanje. Uqhagamshelo olungatyibilikiyo lufumana ii-coefficients zokungqubana ze-0.45–0.55 emva kokulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo komphezulu. Amalungu adibeneyo adla ngokusebenzisa i-CO₂ gas shielded welding, eqinisekisa amandla okungqubana angaphezu kwama-90% amandla esiseko sesinyithi.
Uyilo lokukhusela umlilo nalo lusabalulekile. Intsimbi ilahlekelwa yi-50% yamandla ayo malunga ne-550°C. Iingubo ezingatshiyo ezinobukhulu obuyi-2–5 mm zinokubonelela ngovavanyo lokumelana nomlilo lweeyure eziyi-1.5–3.0. Olu vavanyo luqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho emininzi yokwakha yemizi-mveliso.
Imveliso yeCandelo kunye namanqaku oLawulo loMgangatho
Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo sentsimbi esemgangathweni ophezulu kuxhomekeke ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo ngokuchanekileyo. Iipleyiti zentsimbi ezingavuthwanga kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho efana ne-ASTM A36 okanye i-EN S355. Ulawulo lokwakheka kweekhemikhali luqinisekisa ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni uhlala ungaphantsi kwe-0.25%, nto leyo ephucula ukudityaniswa.
Ukuchaneka kokusika kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wokuhlanganisa. Oomatshini bokusika i-CNC flame okanye i-plasma balawula ukunyamezelana okulinganayo ngaphakathi kwe-±1.0 mm. Kwiipleyiti ezityebileyo ezingaphezu kwe-20 mm, ii-engile ze-bevel zihlala ziqala kwi-30° ukuya kwi-35° ukuqinisekisa ukungena kwe-weld.
Umgangatho wokuwelda umisela ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Abawelda abaqinisekisiweyo balandela iinkqubo ze-WPS ngokungqongqo. Uvavanyo olungonakalisiyo lugubungela ubuncinci i-20% yee-weld seams eziphambili kwiiprojekthi eziqhelekileyo. Amalungu abalulekileyo adla ngokufuna uvavanyo lwe-100% lwe-ultrasonic. Amanqanaba afanelekileyo eengxaki kufuneka ahambelane ne-ISO 5817 Level B.
Unyango lomphezulu lukhusela intsimbi ekuboleni. Ukudutyulwa kweembumbulu kufikelela kwinqanaba le-Sa2.5, elisusa ngaphezulu kwe-95% yezinto ezingcolisayo kumphezulu. Iinkqubo zokugquma ezichasene nokugqwala zihlala zifikelela kubukhulu befilimu eyomileyo obuyi-120–200 μm. Olu nyango luqinisekisa ukuba ubomi benkonzo budlula iminyaka engama-25 kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zoshishino.
Izakhiwo zesakhiwo sentsimbi zidibanisa amandla, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuzinza zibe sisisombululo esinye sokwakha esiphucukileyo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zeprojekthi. Uyilo lwesayensi kunye nemveliso engqongqo yamacandelo kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuqina. Ngamazinga okurisayikilisha angaphezu kwama-90% kunye nemijikelo yokwakha ekhawulezayo, izakhiwo zentsimbi ziya kuqhubeka zilawula uphuhliso lwezakhiwo zanamhlanje kwihlabathi liphela.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-12-2026