Ulwakhiwo lweSakhelo seSithuba: Isisombululo esiSebenza kakuhle

Izakhiwo zesakhelo sesithuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwezakhiwo lwanamhlanje kunye nolwakhiwo lwemizi-mveliso. Iinjineli ziyazixabisa ngenxa yokusasazwa kwazo okumangalisayo komthwalo, ukuziphatha kwazo okukhaphukhaphu, kunye nokuguquguquka kwejometri. Ukusuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya kunye namabala emidlalo ukuya kwizityalo zoshishino kunye neeholo zemiboniso, izakhelo zesithuba zivumela iindawo ezinkulu ngaphandle kweekholamu zangaphakathi. Ukwamkelwa kwazo okukhulayo kubonisa ukukhula kobugcisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho.Isikhongozeli sokuqandisa

Yintoni ulwakhiwo lwesakhelo sesithuba

Isakhelo sesithuba yinkqubo yolwakhiwo enamacala amathathu eyenziwe ngamalungu adibeneyo acwangciswe ngendlela yejiyometri. Uninzi lweenkqubo luxhomekeke kwiiyunithi ezinxantathu kuba oonxantathu babonelela ngozinzo lwejiyometri oluqhelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-planar trusses, iifreyimu zesithuba zisasaza imithwalo kwiimilinganiselo ezintathu, nto leyo enciphisa uxinzelelo.

Amalungu efreyimu yesithuba aqhelekileyo asebenzisa amacandelo entsimbi angqukuva okanye anesikwere. Amanqanaba entsimbi aqhelekileyo aquka i-Q235, i-Q355, i-ASTM A36, kunye ne-ASTM A572. Ezi zinto zibonelela ngamandla okuvelisa ukusuka kwi-235 MPa ukuya kwi-355 MPa, exhasa ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.

Uqhagamshelo lwama-node luchaza ukusebenza kwenkqubo. Ama-bolt ball joints, ama-welded joints, kunye nama-cast steel nodes alawula imarike. Ama-bolt ajikelezayo adla ngokufikelela kumandla okutsalwa ngaphezulu kwe-500 kN nge-node nganye, kuxhomekeke kububanzi kunye nomgangatho we-bolt. Ukwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kuqinisekisa ukunyamezelana okuqinileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-±1.5 mm kubude belungu.

Iinjineli zihlala zisebenzisa izakhelo zesithuba kwiindawo eziphakathi kweemitha ezingama-30 ukuya kwezili-120. Ezinye iiprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zidlula iimitha ezingama-200 ngejometri ephuculiweyo. Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zemiqadi yendabuko, isakhelo sesithuba sinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi nge-15% ukuya kuma-30% kwiimeko ezifanayo zobubanzi kunye nomthwalo. Oku kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo iimfuno zesiseko kunye neendleko zokwakha.

Iingenelo Zokusebenza Nobunjineli Besakhelo Sesithuba

Izakhiwo zesakhelo sesithuba zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamandla azo anomlinganiselo wesithathu. Imithwalo esetyenziswa nangaliphi na ixesha isasazeka kumalungu amaninzi, nto leyo ephucula ukuphindaphinda. Olu hlobo lokuziphatha luphucula ukhuseleko, ingakumbi xa imithwalo ingalingani njengomoya okanye ukukhukhuleka kwekhephu.

Umlinganiselo wamandla nobunzima uhlala ungomnye weyona nzuzo ibalulekileyo. Uphahla oluqhelekileyo lwesakhelo sesithuba lunobunzima obuphakathi kwama-25 nama-45 kg ngemitha yesikwere, kuxhomekeke kububanzi kunye nomthwalo woyilo. Iinkqubo zophahla lwekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo zihlala zidlula i-120 kg ngemitha yesikwere kwimitha efanayo. Ubunzima obuphantsi bokuzilawula kunciphisa amandla enyikima, akhula ngobunzima.

Iifreyimu zesithuba zisebenza kakuhle phantsi kwentshukumo yenyikima. Iindlela ezininzi zomthwalo zivumela ukuchithwa kwamandla ngaphandle kokusilela ngequbuliso. Iikhowudi ezininzi zesizwe, kuquka i-EN 1998 kunye ne-GB 50011, ziyazibona iifreyimu zesithuba njengeenkqubo zenyikima ezilungileyo xa zichazwe kakuhle.

Ukuhlanganiswa kobushushu kunye nenkonzo nako kuyanceda kwi-geometry evulekileyo. Abayili banokuhambisa imibhobho ye-HVAC, izibane, ii-sprinklers, kunye neetreyi zekhebula kubunzulu besakhiwo. Olu kuhlanganiswa kunciphisa ukuphakama kwesilingi kunye nomthamo wesakhiwo ngokubanzi. Kwiiholo zorhwebo ezinkulu, le ndlela inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngonyaka nge-5% ukuya kwi-8% ngenxa yomthamo womoya ophantsi.

Iindlela zokwakha kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweendleko zesakhelo sendawo

Abavelisi badla ngokulungisa izinto zesakhelo sesithuba kwiindawo ezilawulwayo zefektri. Ukusika i-CNC kunye nokuwelda okuzenzakalelayo kuqinisekisa umgangatho ohambelanayo. Ukwenziwa kwefektri kunokufikelela kumazinga okusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingaphezulu kwama-95%, nto leyo enciphisa inkunkuma.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwendawo kulandela imigaqo yemodyuli. Abasebenzi bahlanganisa amalungu kunye namaqhuqhuva besebenzisa iibholiti okanye izibophelelo ezinamandla aphezulu. Kwiiprojekthi eziphakathi, imveliso yokufaka idla ngokufikelela kwiimitha zesikwere ezili-150 ukuya kwezingama-250 ngosuku ngabasebenzi. Umthamo wokuphakamisa ii-crane uhlala uphakathi kweetoni ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-80, kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuhlanganisa.

Ixabiso liyahluka ngokwengingqi, ixabiso lentsimbi, kunye nohlobo lwe-node. Kwiimarike ezininzi, iinkqubo zesakhelo sesithuba esipheleleyo zibiza phakathi kwe-USD 45 kunye ne-USD 90 ngemitha yesikwere kwizakhiwo zophahla. Olu luhlu luquka amalungu entsimbi, ama-node, unyango lomphezulu, kunye nokufakelwa okusisiseko. Iijometri ezintsonkothileyo okanye ukhuseleko oluphezulu lokugqwala lunokunyusa iindleko nge-15% ukuya kwi-25%.

Unyango lomphezulu luchaphazela uqoqosho lomjikelo wobomi. I-hot-dip galvanizing inika ukhuseleko lokugqwala iminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-50 kwiindawo ezininzi. Iinkqubo zepeyinti zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo kodwa zibonelela ngexabiso eliphantsi lokuqala. Uhlalutyo lomjikelo wobomi ludla ngokubonisa ukuba i-galvanizing inciphisa iindleko zobunini zizonke ngama-20% kwiminyaka engama-30.

Izicelo kunye nokuguquguquka koyilo

Izakhiwo zesakhelo sesithuba zisebenzela iintlobo ngeentlobo zezakhiwo. Izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zizisebenzisela uphahla lwesiphelo kuba zivumela iiholo ezingenazikholamu ezingaphaya kweemitha ezili-100. Amabala emidlalo axhomekeke kwizakhelo zesithuba ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokufulela ezirhoxayo okanye ezikhaphukhaphu. Iindawo zokugcina impahla zoshishino ziyazuza kwiindawo ezicacileyo eziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezothutho.

Abayili bezakhiwo bayayixabisa indlela ebonakala ngayo. I-geometry ephindaphindayo idala ubuhle obuphezulu obuhambelana nolwimi loyilo lwanamhlanje. Abayili banokutshintsha ubunzulu, ubungakanani bemodyuli, kunye nokugoba ukuze bafumane iifom ezizodwa. Iifreyimu zesithuba ezigobileyo zihlala zixhasa iidome, ii-vaults zebhareli, kunye nophahla oluzimeleyo.

Ukusebenza kokusingqongileyo kukwakhuthaza ukwamkelwa. Uphahla olukhaphukhaphu lunciphisa ikhabhoni efakwe ngaphakathi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba izakhelo zesithuba sentsimbi ezilungisiweyo zinokunciphisa i-CO₂ efakwe ngaphakathi nge-10% ukuya kwi-18% xa kuthelekiswa neqhelekileyouphahla lwentsimbiUkuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto kwakhona kuphucula ngakumbi iziqinisekiso zozinzo, kuba intsimbi yolwakhiwo igcina amazinga okubuyisela izinto angaphezulu kwe-90% kwihlabathi liphela.

Izixhobo zoyilo lwedijithali ziphucula ukuchaneka. I-BIM kunye ne-parametric modeling zivumela ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kobukhulu bamalungu kunye namandla e-node. Iinjineli zinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ngelixa zigcina imida yokhuseleko. Le ndlela inciphisa imijikelo yoyilo kwaye yehlisa umngcipheko weprojekthi.

Izakhiwo zesakhelo sesithuba zidibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwesakhiwo, ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Ukukwazi kwazo ukugubungela iindawo ezinkulu ngezinto ezincinci kuzenza zilungele iziseko zophuhliso zanamhlanje kunye nezakhiwo zoshishino. Njengoko uyilo lwedijithali kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto kuqhubeka kuphucuka, izakhelo zesithuba ziya kuhlala zisisombululo esiphambili sokwakha ixesha elide kwihlabathi liphela.