Ukukhetha umgangatho ophezuluizinto zesakhiwo sentsimbiImisela ukhuseleko, ubomi benkonzo, kunye neendleko zizonke zeprojekthi. Iinjineli kufuneka zivavanye umgangatho wezinto, ukuchaneka kwecandelo, umgangatho wokwenziwa, kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela. Into nganye inefuthe kumthamo womthwalo, ukumelana nokudinwa, kunye neemfuno zokugcinwa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi kwihlabathi liphela ekwakheni kudlula iitoni ezili-1.8 zeebhiliyoni ngonyaka, ngokutsho kwedatha yeWorld Steel Association. Ukusilela kwentsimbi kwisakhiwo kudla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokukhethwa kakubi kwezixhobo endaweni yeempazamo zoyilo. Ukukhethwa kakubi kwezixhobo kudla ngokunyusa iindleko zobomi ngaphezulu kwama-20 ekhulwini. Ukukhetha kakuhle kunciphisa umngcipheko kwisakhiwo kwaye kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kolwakhiwo.
Udidi lwezinto zokwakha zentsimbi
Udidi lwezinto zokwakha lusisiseko somgangatho wezinto. Amazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla inemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yamanqanaba entsimbi. Umzekelo, i-Q235 kunye ne-Q355 zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisinyithi sesakhiwo eTshayina. E-United States, i-ASTM A36 kunye ne-ASTM A572 Grade 50 zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Izinto ze-EN S355 zezona zixhaphakileyo kwimarike yaseYurophu.
Ngophuhliso lwehlabathi lonke leshishini, kuya kubakho ukuthengwa okuninzi nangakumbi. Ukuze kusonjululwe ingxaki yemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yemveliso kunye nemigangatho yezinto eziluhlaza. Ababoneleli kufuneka banike izatifikethi zezinto ezigunyazisiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okuvelisa, amandla okutsalwa kunye nokwandiswa kweemveliso zabo kuyahlangabezana nemigangatho yomthengi. Amandla okuvelisa entsimbi ye-Q235 akakho ngaphantsi kwe-235Mpa, kwaye intsimbi ye-Q355 ifana ne-EN S355, ifikelela kwi-355MPa. Amandla okuvelisa e-ASTM A36 akakho ngaphantsi kwe-250Mpa, kwaye i-ASTM A572 Grade 50de imalunga ne-345Mpa.
Ubungakanani becandelo elinqamlezileyo kunye nokuchaneka kwejometri kwezinto zesakhiwo sentsimbi
Ubungakanani becandelo elinqamlezileyo yiparameter ephambili emisela umthamo wokuthwala, amandla okutsalwa kunye nokuqina kwecandelo.Intsimbi enobume obungu-HUmzekelo, xa ukuphakama kungaphantsi kwe-400mm, ukuphambuka okuvumelekileyo kobubanzi beflange kulawulwa ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kwe-±2mm, kwaye ukuphambuka kobukhulu bewebhu akufuneki kudlule i-±0.5mm. Ukuthe tye kwenxalenye nako kubalulekile, kwaye ukuphambuka kudla ngokuba kungabi ngaphezu kwe-1/1000 yobude benxalenye. Umzekelo, kwi-beam eyi-12-meter-long, ukuphambuka kokugoba kufuneka kube ngaphantsi kwe-12mm.
Ukuchaneka kwejometri kwezinto kuya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthwala kunye nobunzima bokufakelwa kwezinto. Izakhiwo zesakhiwo sentsimbi zineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zokuchaneka kokufakelwa ngexesha lokwakhiwa. Impazamo yokuchaneka kwento kubungakanani okanye umngxuma wokufakelwa iya kubangela ukuba into ingafakwa kakuhle njengoko yayilwe. Oku akudingi nje kuphela ukuba iqela lokwakha lenze utshintsho kwindawo leyo, lonyusa ixesha kunye neendleko zeprojekthi, kodwa liqokelela iingozi kwaye lonyusa iingozi zokhuseleko lwesakhiwo.
Kuye kufuneke ukuba kukhethwe umthengisi omkhulu. Kuba ababoneleli abakhulu nabasemgangathweni ophezulu ngokubanzi banezixhobo zokuvavanya i-ultrasonic, oomatshini bokusika nge-laser, ukubhola nge-3D CNC kunye nezinye izixhobo. Ezi zixhobo zinokunciphisa impazamo yokuchaneka kwezinto ekudibaniseni nasekusebenzeni. Impazamo yobukhulu bokusika ingalawulwa ngaphakathi kwe-±1mm, kwaye impazamo yendawo yokubhola ayidluli kwi-±0.5mm. Kwangaxeshanye, ababoneleli abakhulu ngokubanzi baneqela labayili abanamava, abanokuphepha iingozi ezininzi kunye neengxaki kwangaphambili.
Unyango lokulwa nokugqwala kwezinto zesakhiwo sentsimbi
Ngenxa yokugqwala okulula kweemveliso zentsimbi, unyango lokulwa nokugqwala yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulinganisa ubomi benkonzo kunye nomgangatho wezixhobo zesakhiwo sentsimbi. Ngokubanzi, unyango lokulwa nokugqwala lwezixhobo zesakhiwo sentsimbi lwahlulwe lwaba ziikhonkco ezintathu, ezizezi: ugquma oluchasene nokugqwala, ukudubula ngokudubula kunye nokususa ukugqwala, kunye nogquma oluchasene nokugqwala.
I-hot-dip galvanized yindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhusela intsimbi. Ubukhulu bomaleko we-zinc ngokubanzi buyi-65 ukuya kwi-85µm, nto leyo enokubonelela ngokhuseleko iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 kwindawo enokutsha kancinci. Olu qhagamshelo luhlala lubonelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngumvelisi wezinto eziluhlaza zentsimbi. Emva kokuba imveliso igqityiwe, umenzi kufuneka aqhumise izixhobo. Ngokusebenzisa impembelelo eqhubekayo yokuqhumisa ngesantya esiphezulu, ukungcola kunye nomhlwa kumphezulu wezixhobo kuyasuswa. Kwangaxeshanye, le nkqubo iya kwandisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu wecandelo kwaye iphucule ukunamathela kwengubo.
Ukutshiza ngepeyinti linyathelo lokugqibela kunyango lokulwa nomhlwa kwezakhiwo zentsimbi. Abasebenzi baya kusebenzisa iipeyinti ezahlukeneyo ukutshiza iinxalenye izihlandlo ezininzi. Iinkqubo zokugquma ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zihlala zenziwe ngeeleya ezininzi ezifana ne-epoxy primer, ipeyinti ephakathi kunye ne-polyurethane topcoat, enobukhulu obupheleleyo be-200µm. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa komphezulu wecandelo ngepeyinti kakhulu, kwaye inokuqinisekisa umjikelo wokulwa nokugqwala weminyaka eli-15-20.
Izinto zoqhagamshelo ezingenakungahoywa
Izixhobo zoqhagamshelo zihlala zilawula ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Iibholiti, iipleyiti, kunye nee-ankile kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno zomthwalo. Iibholiti ezinamandla aphezulu zihlala zilandela imigangatho ye-ASTM A325 okanye ye-A490. Iibholiti ze-ASTM A325 zibonelela ngamandla okutsalwa aphantsi angama-830 MPa. Iibholiti ze-A490 zifikelela kwi-1,040 MPa. Sebenzisa uqhagamshelo olubalulekileyo lokutyibilika kwimithwalo enamandla. Olu qhagamshelo lufuna ii-coefficients zokungqubana komphezulu ezingaphezulu kwe-0.35. Amandla oxinzelelo kwiibholiti ze-M20 A325 afikelela malunga ne-172 kN.
Iipleyiti zoqhagamshelo mazilingane okanye zidlule umgangatho wentsimbi oyintloko. Ubukhulu bepleyiti buhlala buqala kwi-8 ukuya kwi-25 mm kwizakhiwo zoshishino. Iibholiti ze-anchor mazimelane noxinzelelo kunye nokuchetywa. Iibholiti ze-anchor ze-grade 8.8 zinika amandla okuvelisa angama-640 MPa. Umgama ofanelekileyo womphetho uthintela ukuqhekeka kwekhonkrithi. Umgama omncinci womphetho kufuneka ulingane ubuncinane nobubanzi bebholiti ezine. Ukukhetha ngokuchanekileyo izinto ezidityanisiweyo kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwamalungu ngaphezulu kwama-40 ekhulwini kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-04-2026